Analysis of the Green Mile Film Essay Example

Analysis of the Green Mile Film Paper In the film Green Mile, different sociological theories and concepts can be useful in considering how societies rule our behaviors in life within different cultural places and times. A theory developed by sociologist Emile Durkheim known as the functionalist perspective profoundly applies through out the film. Concepts that are also seen in the film includes: human agency, norms, folkways, mores, and master status with a few theories and concepts of deviance. Green Mile Green Mile is a movie adapted from a story about the lives of a few guards on duty in death row. The story leads up to the execution of a wrongly accused man that has a spiritual gift that permits him to perform extraordinary feats as he heals the wounded or sick. Paul is the main character in the story and his narrative leads the viewer through a narrative-a type of flash-back as he tells of his experience to his friend Elaine. Paul is in old age living at a retirement home many years after working as the head guard on Death Row at Cold Mountain Penitentiary in the State of Louisiana. Paul was a skeptical prison guard whose faith and sanity had deteriorated after many years of walking men down the Green Mile to their deaths by execution. They called it the Green Mile because the linoleum floor that led to the execution chair was green. Pauls life would forever be changed by one prisoner in the 1935 depression era. Paul and the other death row guards developed moral dilemmas with their profession as they discover one of their prisoners, convicted of brutally murdering two 9 year old sisters, has an extraordinary gift that, in words, is unexplainable. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Green Mile Film specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Green Mile Film specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Green Mile Film specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This gifted, but seemingly harmful man is John Coffey. As he enters the Green Mile the guards are complete taken by the paradox of his massive size and soft-spoken manor. He is a black man that is nearly eight feet tall with hands the size of a cast iron pan. Although, Johns size could indicate that he could kill just about anyone, his behavior contrasts his appearances. Paul begins to find it odd that John is accused of murder because of his purely naive personality and his horrifying fear of the dark. Paul and Brutus, a sympathetic guard, along with Percy (a conceded, immoral, and violent guard) as well as the warden, begin their journey of extraordinary experiences with John Coffey that involves an intelligent mouse and the healing of the sick and wounded. As another prisoner, William Wharton, known as Wild Bill, enters the green mile, disorderly effects begin to take place. John Coffey warns the guards that Wild Bill is a bad Man. Functionalism Order theorist Emile Durkheim is a sociologist who provided the functionalist perspective about society needing to be defined as stable, cohesion, consensus, cooperation, socialization, integration that creates functionalism. Human agency refers to the fact that individuals are actively shaping social life by adapting to, negotiating with, and changing, social structures. The functionalist perspective sees these as the key to any society with a high degree of consensus and cooperation. Furthermore, Durkheim states that equilibrium must be developed through integration and order; integration meaning that individuals should follow their societal norms and values while becoming a responsible member of the society. This is part of the consensus moral that Durkheim believes to be needed in order to achieve and sustain order. Order is the second part. The formation of functionalism involves norms, social roles, and cooperation. In other words, everyone should and must cooperate with the social roles and norms that are expected of them for unity in their own society. For those who do not cooperate with the societal norms, punishment, often in the form of incarceration, is often the fate of the offender, for example. Further, Durkheim believes that the problem lies within the individual rather than the society and, therefore, should be rehabilitated and reformed to comply. A functionalist perspective on deviance has three functions: first is to affirm cultural values and norms. The second is responding to those cultural values and moral boundaries and the third is responding to these values and boundaries are what bring people together. This is known as social solidarity. Moreover, Societies are held together by both consensus with values and coercion. The functionalist view is that the balance of harmony among the society is held up by societal institutions. For example, schools, church and family are seen as the most significant foundation for an adequately functional society. Green Mile and Functionalism Roles are the behavioral expectations for the people who occupy a particular social position. Paul, the other guards and the prisoners roles have behavioral expectations. For example, the guards must cooperate with their social roles and expectations of them for unity within the E block. Those who do not cooperate with this societal norm on the Green Mile are set as examples and are thus punished to provide the sense of right from wrong in sustaining the prison societal roles of its members. Percy begins yelling dead man walking as he brings the prisoner into the E Block. In Percys mind it is his role to be portrayed as a brutal guard. He emulates a violent man with arrogance and believes that he has to demonstrate his power over the prisoners and he says and does as he pleases with little regards to others. On many occasions through the film, Paul initiates Percys punishments in subtle ways with the other guards because Percy does not conform to their rules and standards of the Green Mile staff. For example, after seeing a mouse, the guards cleaned out the padded room to find it but did not succeed. Percy enters the commons area after they had returned everything back into the holding room. Percy spots the mouse and goes wild. All the guards tell him to knock himself out because, after all, he will never catch him. Percy clears the room out and did not find the mouse. The guards on the Green Mile are considered to be a primary group because throughout the film they are intimately involved in an informal fashion with each other face-to-face and have long lasting interactions; they seemed to have formed a bond that only they knew and understood amongst each other. They communicated with eye contact and body language throughout the film with an understanding known only by the other guards. Words were rarely spoken. Percy is excluded from this primary group because of his hateful and arrogant behavior which would put him in the secondary group as an existence among the other guards. He held no honor in the eyes of the rest. Green Mile and Values Values are the criteria that emerge for people to use in judging what is appropriate, correct, moral and important. The values amongst the guards on the Green Mile demonstrate that these criteria profoundly throughout the movie. For example, the guards practice the electrocution process for each man on death row before the execution takes place. In one scene they use one of the prisoners in the practice session and the prisoner makes a joke while in the electric chair and all the guards laugh except for Paul. Paul immediately pulls the values back into perspective and tells everyone to stop because an execution will take place tomorrow and he did not want anyone to remember that moment and make a mistake because the act of electrocuting offered no room for mistakes or laughter. This is a prime example of a culture and as a system of beliefs shared by group members that guides and constrains their conduct. Societal value consensus can be seen in both the beginning and ending of this film. In the beginning, the father of the two girls is on a man hunt with fellow neighbors. As the father hears John Coffeys screams, they all run at John and they father begins to beat him as he sees his dead daughters in John Coffeys arms. John is then spit on by the sheriff. There were no questions asked and the trial is short. This society just assumed that John had killed the girls. There was never a court scene to show innocent until proven guilty. In the end of the film when John Coffey is electrocuted he is still the accused even though Paul and the other guards know of his innocence, they are constrained to comply with the jurys guilty verdict and they hide their tears. This also demonstrates how cultures in different society groups form and become established. Furthermore, Master Status has an importance for social identity that overrides other statuses. John Coffeys master status as a black man in the film overrode the emotions in the small town society in which he was accused of being a rapist although in the end Paul discovers that John Coffey is innocent after holding his hand and foreseeing through John the dramatic events that lead to the girls deaths by another prisoner, Wild Bill. Labeling and Functionalist Perspective In a biased society, assigning deviant status to an individual dominates their identities and behaviors. Those being labeled seem powerless to change because they live the identity and behavior chosen by the labeler. This is a result of systematic bias and John Coffey is a prime example of being the labeled. He was labeled a negro by his attorney and in the southern culture of Louisiana in 1935, this was a doomed status. John Coffeys attorney compared John to a dog that bit his child face and this even further plays into the three societal reaction perspectives. Society labels the individual and individual begin to identify with the label. Lastly, the individual lives with the label and John was labeled without further ado. For Functionalists, the three functions of deviant behavior are that the individual confirms the moral boundaries. The second is this brings the group together and third is it reaffirms what is right and wrong. This is correlated well in a scene with the guards as they take John Coffey off the prison base to the warden house where John can use his gift and save the life of the wardens wife who is diagnosed with a cancerous brain tumor. The guards had a previous conversation and determined the moral boundaries in taking a prisoner on death row off the prison base. This brought the group closer together because they all shared in this deviant behavior and they realized that they could loose their jobs. They affirmed the right and wrongs of taking John to the wardens house. In the end John saved the wardens wife because of a deviant behavior. This, I feel, further defines the folkways and norms that are less important and, therefore, may not be well defined. Mores, however, involve morality and are considered important enough by society to merit severe punishment. If these guards had been caught with John Coffey by society they to would have been severely punished. But in this primary group society this was considered a moral decision that was justified. The guards continuously stated What happens on the Mile, stays on the Mile Reference Eitzer, D. Stanley, and Baca Zinn, Maxine. In Conflict and Order Understanding Society. Boston: Pearson Education. 1982.

5 puntos migración de cubanos a EE.UU., incluido asilo

5 puntos migracià ³n de cubanos a EE.UU., incluido asilo La polà ­tica migratoria de Estados Unidos hacia los cubanos es, en algunos aspectos, diferente a la que se aplica al resto de nacionalidades y es fruto de la situacià ³n histà ³rica de la Guerra Frà ­a. Se estima que aproximadamente dos millones de cubanos y cubano-americanos residen en Estados Unidos, siendo Florida el estado donde un mayor nà ºmero se concentra. En la actualidad cuando se habla de migracià ³n y cubanos es necesario tener en cuenta 5 puntos: fin de polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados, Ley Ajuste Cubano, peticià ³n de asilo en frontera, deportaciones y, finalmente, solicitud de visas no inmigrantes para cubanos que desean visitar temporalmente Estados Unidos.  ¿Quà © significa el fin de Pies secos, pies mojados? Por decisià ³n del anterior presidente de Estados Unidos Barack Obama se puso fin a la polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados que durante aà ±os posibilità ³ a los cubanos emigrar ms fcilmente que otros extranjeros. Esta polà ­tica permità ­a quedarse en EE.UU. a los cubanos que tocaban suelo estadounidense y al aà ±o iniciar los trmites para obtener la tarjeta de residencia permanente, mientras que, por otro lado, se regresaban a Cuba o se enviaban a un tercer paà ­s a aquellos cubanos interceptados en el mar cuando trataban de llegar a EE.UU. Al mismo tiempo que se cambià ³ esa polà ­tica se puso fin al programa CMPP para trabajadores de sanidad cubanos en programas de trabajo fuera de la Isla. Ley de Ajuste Cubano Por la Ley de Ajuste Cubano de 2 de noviembre de 1966,  las personas de esa nacionalidad ingresaron  legalmente en Estados Unidos pueden solicitar la tarjeta de residencia mediante un ajuste de estatus, si pueden demostrar una estancia continuada en el paà ­s de un aà ±o y un dà ­a. Para ingresar legalmente se necesita una visa de inmigrante o una de los muchos tipos de visa no inmigrante, es decir, un documento emitido por una embajada o por un consulado de los Estados Unidos. Cubanos y asilo en Estados Unidos Para solicitar asilo en los pasos migratorios de una de las fronteras terrestres, aeropuertos o puertos de los Estados Unidos se pide a los cubanos que cumplan los mismos requisitos que los candidatos de otros paà ­ses. Para el caso de la frontera terrestre que separa EE.UU. y Mà ©xico, desde el 16 de julio de 2019 aplica la obligacià ³n de pedir previamente asilo en al menos un paà ­s por el que se haya transitado antes de llegar a dicha frontera. Para admitirse la solicitud de asilo en el puesto migratorio terrestre de EE.UU. tendr que demostrarse que se ha cumplido con ese requisito y que las autoridades de dicho tercer paà ­s la ha denegado. Ademas, cabe destacar que el asilo solo se aprueba por una de las circunstancias previstas por la ley y el hecho de ser de un paà ­s que es una dictadura o tiene un rà ©gimen comunista no es razà ³n suficiente para que el asilo sea aprobado. Los requisitos que pide la ley es que el solicitante haya sido perseguido o tema ser perseguido si regresa a su paà ­s por una de las siguientes causas: nacionalidad, raza, religià ³n, opinià ³n polà ­tica o membresà ­a en un grupo determinado. En la actualidad, un nà ºmero rà ©cord de cubanos que solicitaron asilo en la frontera y que las autoridades estadounidenses consideran que no tienen un buen caso de asilo se encuentran detenidos en prisiones migratorias mientras esperan que se resuelva su caso, lo cual puede demorarse meses. Por otro lado, los cubanos que solicitan el asilo y se les concede un parole para que ingresen al paà ­s pueden seguir en libertad su caso de asilo mientras que, al mismo tiempo, deben solicitar ajuste cubano al aà ±o y dà ­a de ingresar al paà ­s con el parole y cancelar, asà ­, la peticià ³n de asilo. En los aà ±os fiscales 2015 a 2017 –los à ºltimos de los que hay datos publicados por el gobierno– los cubanos no estn entre las diez nacionalidades con mayor nà ºmero de casos de asilo aprobado, tanto en la modalidad afirmativa como en la defensiva. Por à ºltimo, no se debe confundir el asilo con la condicià ³n de refugiado, que es una situacià ³n similar pero distinta y que tiene como condicià ³n imprescindible que la solicitud se realice fuera de EE.UU. y de sus fronteras. El Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas es una de las instituciones que se ocupa de tramitar el papeleo de la condicià ³n de refugiado para cubanos. Cubanos y deportacià ³n Durante dà ©cadas, Estados Unidos no deportaba a los cubanos. La razà ³n principal era la negativa del gobierno castrista de admitir a los cubanos deportados. Sin embargo, actualmente La Habana est admitiendo en su territorio a sus nacionales deportados siempre y cuanto se cumplan ciertas reglas fijadas conjuntamente con Estados Unidos. A consecuencia de ello, en el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal EE.UU. deportà ³ a 436 cubanos. Para evitar la deportacià ³n es altamente recomendable que todos los cubanos que cumplen con los requisitos soliciten la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n, lo cual imposibilita la deportacià ³n a Cuba. Visas no inmigrante para cubanos En la actualidad, los Estados Unidos no est emitiendo visas en Cuba a ciudadanos cubanos, quienes deben solicitarlas en una oficina consular estadounidense en un tercer paà ­s como, por ejemplo, Mà ©xico. Asimismo, en estos momentos y por decisià ³n del gobierno del presidente Donald Trump ya no se emiten a los ciudadanos cubanos visas no inmigrantes, como la de turista, estudiante o intercambio, con validez de cinco aà ±os. Ahora las visas son vlidas para un à ºnico viaje por un mximo de tres meses. Cubanos y migracià ³n EE.UU. No aplica: Pies secos, pies mojados, polà ­tica que permità ­a quedarse en EE.UU. a todos los cubanos que tocasen suelo estadounidense. Esta polà ­tica dejà ³ de aplicarse el 12 de enero de 2017.No aplica: visas especiales CMPP para personal sanitario cubano en misiones en el exterior. Se dejà ³ de aplicar en misma fecha que Pies secos, pies mojados.Sà ­ aplica: Ley de Ajuste Cubano, que permite a todos los cubanos que ingresan a EE.UU. legalmente solicitar la tarjeta de residencia permanente al aà ±o y un dà ­a de entrar al paà ­s. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Learning from failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Learning from failure - Essay Example This paper will therefore, discuss various perspectives associated with knowledge and innovation management. Knowledge management entails, capturing, disseminating, developing, sharing, and using of the organization knowledge. Managing knowledge in an organization is very critical in achieving the set goals and objectives. In addition, it improves the competitiveness of the business in the market. This plays a significant role in maintaining a constant flow of revenue. In addition, it motivates the employees to aim high, an aspect that is replicated in the overall performance of the business (Malhotra 2000). Innovation management is the practice of managing the processes involved in innovation. Most organizations anticipate the future based on the experiences. When the past is suspended, and the future is envisioned, it becomes easy to recognize the forces of growth and change (Pauleen 2007). A holistic view of the anticipated future experiences has a better impact on the innovation than placing emphasis on the past. It is crucial to develop a hypothesis for the future rather than predicting it. Breakthroughs rarely survive without a strong and working decision making model. This model should differ with the model used in incremental innovation. It has become increasingly clear that old models rarely work (Dess 2012). Technology dependent decision making systems have the weakness of failing to engage the vital stakeholders. Automation in decision making causes consensus to be hard to obtain. Therefore, a health decision making system seldom works without a champion who can engage teams and make decisions to enhance mutual progress. The products life cycle is drastically becoming smaller with time in comparison to the past. It is quite notable that in the technological devaluation of the products is moving at a high speed especially in the information technology industry. In a short span, a lot of changes are evident, and this

Critical analysis in the develpment of a project or programme plan Essay

Critical analysis in the develpment of a project or programme plan within a relevant area of community or youth work provision - Essay Example Hence, this project will certainly provide teenage population with an opportunity to freely discuss about sexual issues. The project has the scope to increase the knowledge of the participants about sexual health relationship and other topics of life skills (Banks, Butcher, Orton and Robertson, 2013; Hafford-Letchfield, 2009). Furthermore, the project also proposes to shed light on the significance of being aware about availing services pertaining to sexual health. The principal purpose is to target young people from the South Asian communities with complex and complicated needs presently (Hafford-Letchfield, Leonard, Begum and Chick, 2008). These complexities such as, stigma, religion, culture, appearance, behaviour and other factors, are acting as a hindrance in the acceptance of a relation. It is obvious that the project has the ability to meet the requirements of young people and not simply reflect upon the set standard of the society. A total of 15 participants will be targeted and the whole project will run for ten weeks. The program will run for two hours, each week, on specific days. Midlands community Training and employment Midlands Community Training and Employment is a charitable organization founded in the year 2008. The organisation specializes in providing community and personal development skills and means. The principal services of the organisation include skill development of the individuals, personality development, personal development, providing education facilities, confidence building classes, hosting seminars and workshops (Midlandscdc, 2013). The organization principally aims at empowering each and every individual with a particular skill set that might be beneficial and helpful for the individuals sustaining within the society. Hence, the organisation wants to ensure betterment of the society by enabling the individuals to enhance their basic skills. Furthermore, the organization also aims at bringing positive changes within the societ y for upgrading the standard of living of the individuals. The organization has entered into treaty with several other volunteer organizations so as to offer quality services to the target audiences. The intentions of the organisation are also reflected through their mission statement which states that â€Å"we want to make every individual a successful person† and â€Å"We are working in cooperation to bring change and development in our community† (Midlandscdc, 2013). The organisation mainly caters to the segments such as, poverty reduction, uplift education standards, offering assistance to deprived and isolated individuals of the society and health care and information sector. Training and development is another key area where the organization puts in strong efforts. In order to pursue their objectives, the organisation initiates and organizes several programs in a year and remains active in the field of Personal & Educational Development, Economic Development, Emp loyment, Health Care and Housing. SWOT Analysis On the basis of the secondary research carried out in the study, an excerpt of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization is presented below: - Strengths One of the key strengths of the

Density Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Density - Lab Report Example By means of displacement, the difference in the initial and final volumes of liquid used would be the volume displaced through the solid object plunged into the water, and, therefore, it serves as the volume of the material itself. At this stage, given the mass, it may be hypothesized that the mass of pennies divided by the volume displaced or occupied which causes rise in the water level within the graduated cylinder yields to the penny’s density. Methods and Materials Type of Metal Used: Early-1985 penny with an accepted density value of 7.18 g/ml. Initially, a 50-ml graduated cylinder was filled with 20.00 ml of water, and it was carefully recorded. The initial mass of cylinder and water (combined) was acquired using a top-loading balance and then recorded as initial reading for the cylinder-balance setup. Pennies were dropped by increments of two where the new volume was read and the new mass was measured using the same balancing equipment each time. This step was carried out repetitively to make a total of five data sets, which includes noting of final volumes along and masses (7th and 8th columns) through addition of previous differences with actual volumes and masses, correspondingly. There were ten pennies dropped all in all, and in order to obtain the experimental value of density for each set of pennies, the following equation was applied: Density, ? = [ Mass(2) - Mass(1) ] / [ Volume(2) - Volume(1) ] (in g/ml) Results Initial Volume of Water (ml): 20.0 ml_ Initial Mass of Cylinder + Water: 105.06 g_ density, g/ml % difference Rep A 5.03 29.94 Rep B 9.82 36.77 Rep C 10.06 40.11 Rep D 5.00 30.36 Rep E 9.98 39.00 Sample Calculations (using Reps A & B of the table): Actual Volume = 21.5 ml - 21.0 ml = 0.5 ml Actual Mass = 115.0 g - 110.09 g = 4.91 g Density = Actual Mass / Actual Volume = 4.91 g / 0.5 ml = 9.82 g/ml Final Volume = Actual V1 + Actual V2 = 1.0 ml + 0.5 ml = 1.5 ml Final Mass = Actual M1 + Actual M2 = 5.03 g + 4.91 g = 9.94 g Then us ing the given theoretical value = 7.18 g/ml and the formula % difference = | 9.82 - 7.18 | / 7.18 x 100% = 36.77% volume, ml mass, g 20 105.06 21 110.09 21.5 115 22 120.03 23 125.03 23.5 130.02 Based on the 3rd and 4th columns of the first table, beginning with a volume (water) of 20.0 ml and a mass (cylinder + water) of 105.06 g, the amounts (volume and mass) of each succeeding row are subtracted from the corresponding amounts of the preceding row to generate the 5th and 6th column outputs showing actual entries specific for every two-penny increment. Since these densities appear to be significantly different as compared to the literature value of 7.18 g/ml, the average density was estimated from the graph of mass vs. volume of pennies. Considering the best-fit line drawn (via MS Excel program) fairly between the plotted coordinates, the slope would be 7.186 g/ml according to the resulting equation m = 7.186v – 39.36, so that percent difference equals (7.186 - 7.18) / 7.18 x 100% or 0.0836%, which is appreciably lower than the % difference solved individually, as shown prior. Discussion / Conclusion Though the outcomes reflect inconsistent values of density on the basis of the actual volumes and actual masses which had been arrived at through the displacement method,

Postural Sway and Self-Motion Perception Theory

Postural Sway and Self-Motion Perception Theory Tharushi Kaluarachchi People are often faced with a sensation of motion when gazing at moving clouds or when a train on an adjacent track moves at a railway station (Dichgans Brandt, 1978). Multiple senses contribute to this common visual illusion of self-motion. Optic flow stimuli induces a conflict between visual input, signalling movement of the body and vestibular input from inertial motion cues (A1). Visual-vestibular interactions also play an important role in maintaining postural stability (A4). Thus it is proposed that there is a common underlying mechanism between postural sway during quiet-stance and vection (A5). Recent research has shown that quiet-stance postural sway can be used to predict subsequent vection strength (A5). While many different types of global optic flow can generate self-motion (A2), this relationship has only been demonstrated for radial flow (Apthorp, Nagle, Palmisano, 2014). Therefore, does quiet-stance postural sway predict differences between multiple vection types, or is it simply a global measure distinguishing vection from non-vection? Concepts The experience of vection describes compelling visual illusions of perceived self-motion that are induced by presenting large patterns of optic flow to physically stationary observers (Palmisano, Allison, Schira, Barry, 2015). Optic flow fields provide visual signals for effective navigation through the three-dimensional environment. It describes a pattern of visual motion on the retina used to rapidly estimate the direction of movement (Duffy Wurtz, 1993). This direction is dependent on the nature of this field, differing with radial, lamellar, rotary and spiral patterns of flow (Britten, 2008). A radial pattern refers to expanding and contracting optic flow (Apthorp et al., 2014). A lamellar pattern refers to optic flow with horizontally parallel flow (Stoffregen, 1985). A rotary pattern of optic flow describes a rotating pattern also parallel to the medial-lateral axis. A spiral pattern of optic flow combines radial and rotary patterns, with the rotary component superimposed in radially expanding flow (Nakamura, 2011). The postural system concerns the position and orientation of body segments to organise balance and movement (Massion, 1994). Postural sway refers to readjustments in posture which can occur with medial-lateral (ML), side-to-side, or anterior-posterior (AP), back-and-forth sway (Ruhe, Fejer, Walker, 2011). Quiet-stance postural sway refers to both eyes open and eyes closed postural sway while standing which occurs prior to the onset of vection (Apthorp et al., 2014). Assumptions A1 (vection). Self-motion perception is a multisensory experience induced by conflicts between optic flow stimuli indicating movement and vestibular input which detects no variation in body position or velocity (Lestienne, Soechting, Berthoz, 1977). A2 (optic flow). Radially expanding and contracting optic flow stimulates forwards and backwards linear vection, respectively (Apthorp et al., 2014). For lamellar optic flow, it generates an illusion of self-translation parallel to the direction of flow (Stoffregen, 1985). A rotary pattern induces roll vection parallel to the plane of the presented flow (Tanahashi, Ujike, Kozawa, Ukai, 2007). Spiral optic flow induces a combination of roll and linear vection (Nakamura, 2011). A3 (optic flow and vection). The magnitude of vection varies with the nature of the optic flow, depending on the area, velocity, depth and spatial frequency of the pattern (Palmisano, Apthorp, Seno, Stapley, 2014). In general, more compelling vection will be induced by optic flow displays that generate significant sensory conflict (Palmisano et al., 2015). A4 (vision and posture). Maintenance of upright posture also depends on visual-vestibular cues (Del Percio et al., 2007). The extent of reliance on visual input in particular, indicates variations in posture, with a greater dependence resulting in more postural readjustments (Apthorp et al., 2014). A5 (postural sway and vection). Quiet-stance postural sway and vection are underpinned by the same basic mechanisms. This supports the use of quiet-stance postural sway measures to predict subsequent vection strength. (Palmisano et al., 2014). A6 (postural sway and vection). During upright stance, ML sway involves the control of hip and trunk muscles, whereas AP sway is regulated by ankle muscles. As these are controlled separately by the postural control system, independent variations in ML and AP are predictive of sway differences between vection types (Tucker, Kavanagh, Morrison, Barrett, 2010). Hypotheses Considering that vection magnitude varies with vection type (A3), it is hypothesised that global differences in the magnitude of future vection will be predicted by changes in quiet-stance. In addition, it is proposed that vection magnitude will be stronger for individuals who rely more on their vision for postural stability. Using local differences in sway axes, it is proposed that changes in AP sway will predict radial flow as it stimulates forwards-and-backwards self-motion (A2). For lamellar flow, which induces self-translation and roll vection generated from rotary flow (A2), it is hypothesised that ML changes will be more predictive. In addition, the combination of roll and linear vection from spiral flow may be predicted by sway in both ML and AP axes. Operationalisation Vection magnitude can be operationalised through a subjective verbal vection rating. Subjects verbally rate the strength of their vection experience on a 100 point scale, with ‘0’ indicating no perceived self-motion and ‘100’ indicating complete self-motion (Apthorp et al., 2014). Though self-report measures can be susceptible to subject cognitions, subjective ratings of vection are reasonably reliably as vection is a subjective experience (Palmisano et al., 2015). The multisensory visual-vestibular interaction for posture can be operationalised through postural sway measures. Quiet-stance postural sway, has been shown to predict subsequent vection, which makes it a viable measure of vection (Palmisano et al., 2014). Postural sway can be operationalised through the changes to the location of the centre of foot pressure (CoP) in the AP and ML direction (Ruhe et al., 2011). Larger sway amplitudes are indicative of greater postural instability. Though CoP is an indirect sway measure as it measures motor system activity, it is a practical method of measuring postural sway in standing (Ruhe et al., 2011). References Apthorp, D., Nagle, F., Palmisano, S. (2014). Chaos in balance: non-linear measures of postural control predict individual variations in visual illusions of motion. PloS one, 9(12). Britten, K. H. (2008). Mechanisms of self-motion perception. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 31, 389-410. Del Percio, C., Brancucci, A., Bergami, F., Marzano, N., Fiore, A., Di Ciolo, E., . . . Eusebi, F. (2007). Cortical alpha rhythms are correlated with body sway during quiet open-eyes standing in athletes: a high-resolution EEG study. Neuroimage, 36(3), 822-829. Dichgans, J., Brandt, T. (1978). Visual-Vestibular Interaction: Effects on Self-Motion Perception and Postural Control. In R. Held, H. Leibowitz H.-L. Teuber (Eds.), Perception (Vol. 8, pp. 755-804): Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Duffy, C. J., Wurtz, R. H. (1993). An illusory transformation of optic flow fields. Vision Research, 33(11), 1481-1490. Lestienne, F., Soechting, J., Berthoz, A. (1977). Postural readjustments induced by linear motion of visual scenes. Exp Brain Res, 28(3-4), 363-384. Massion, J. (1994). Postural control system. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 4(6), 877-887. Nakamura, S. (2011). Effects of viewpoint jitters on roll vection. i-Perception, 2(4), 254-262. Palmisano, S., Allison, R., Schira, M., Barry, R. J. (2015). Future Challenges for Vection Research: Definitions, Functional Significance, Measures and Neural Bases. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. Palmisano, S., Apthorp, D., Seno, T., Stapley, P. (2014). Spontaneous postural sway predicts the strength of smooth vection. Exp Brain Res, 232(4), 1185-1191. Ruhe, A., Fejer, R., Walker, B. (2011). Center of pressure excursion as a measure of balance performance in patients with non-specific low back pain compared to healthy controls: a systematic review of the literature. European Spine Journal, 20(3), 358-368. Stoffregen, T. A. (1985). Flow Structure Versus Retinal Location in the Optical Control of Stance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(5), 554-565. Tanahashi, S., Ujike, H., Kozawa, R., Ukai, K. (2007). Effects of visually simulated roll motion on vection and postural stabilization. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 4(1), 39-39. Tucker, M. G., Kavanagh, J. J., Morrison, S., Barrett, R. S. (2010). Differences in rapid initiation and termination of voluntary postural sway associated with ageing and falls-risk. J Mot Behav, 42(5), 277-287.

Muhammad Ali :: essays research papers

The name Muhammad Ali needs no introduction in the sports industry. This man is a living legend. Ali has accomplished my achievements during an era when African-Americas weren’t allowed any opportunities. The career of Cassius Clay began at the age of twelve. After his brand new bike had been stolen at the Louisville Home Show. He wanted to â€Å"whoop† the thieves so badly that he began to take boxing lessons. His first victory was a three round, three-minute split decision match. As he became more dedicated to boxing, Clay advanced to winning six Kentucky Golden Gloves Championships, two National Golden Glove tournaments and two National AAU titles. He won a gold medal at the 1960 Rome Olympics. The career highlight for Cassius Clay was being titled heavyweight champion after his defeating Sonny Liston. Ali contributes to variety of charities and services. â€Å" I am devoting much of his life today healing the human spirit. My chosen path for doing this is my religion. â€Å" quoted Muhammad. He is creating the Muhammad Ali center in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. The ultimate goal of the Muhammad Ali center is to inspire everyone everywhere to be the best they can be. It has been a dream of Ali to create a place to share, teach and inspire people to be their best and pursue their dreams. He also lends his name and presence to hunger and poverty relief and supporting education efforts of all kinds. In addition, he promotes adoption and encouraging people to love one another. Once such a turbulent man, Muhammad Ali now has a more peaceful and religious view of life. Religion has taught him that God wants us all to love each other and that love, not hate, is at the heart of God’s master plan. â€Å" When I was young, I was a professional boxer. But that’s not my â€Å"field† anymore. My most important job now is trying to teach people to treat each other with dignity and respect.

Common Elements of Eastern Religion Essay

Many religions of the world have eight elements in common. The elements are a belief system, community, central myths, ritual, ethics, characteristic emotional experiences, material expression, and sacredness. These elements help shape religions and the people who believe in them. In this paper I discuss how these elements are similar or how they differ in each of a few of indigenous religions. Unique in their own way there are numerous religious traditions, some of the religion traditions include: Buddhism – this is a means of existing based on the experience of Siddhartha Gautama, Christianity – earth’s largest belief, foundation of Jesus Christ teachings, Hinduism – collection of faiths, embedded in the religious thoughts of India. Islam – discovered by the Prophet Muhammad. These religious traditions along with numerous others vary from each other, but they serve the same purpose. A relationship with the divine is essential in all beliefs of religion without communication and connection with the divine, the challenges, tribulations and experiences encountered daily becomes difficult to handle because the testing of his or her faith and being disobedient to the word of God. The relationship as well as the fellowship with the divine helps him or her to walk in the light and to live in total honesty toward God as well as with each other, without the consistent relationship and fellowship it causes he or she to be out of character and have broken fellowship with the divine. Sacred time is the â€Å"time of eternity† (Molloy, 2010, p. 43). The schedule or activities that he or she encounters daily is determine by the effective use of the clock throughout our lives. Within the religious sector sacred time for numerous religions is valued in different ways. Sacred time allows the believer to come in contact with his or her thought of being set apart. Religion provides an individual the sense of purpose for living and security. The belief in a higher power provides comfort to a human. The knowledge of how we began tells us the reason why we are here and where we are going. This knowledge or awareness is often the driving force behind the  belief of one God, a supreme being, or some call it the sacred. Let us have a look at Christianity and its teachings, and how the Christians are organized. During this process one will see the relationship between Christianity and other religions. The origin of each of the tales in these special books is determined to have begun with a prophet who communicated directly with God. Some of the stories appear to have a mythical origin. For example, in the Bible, Jesus (May peace and blessings be upon him) is believed to have died and risen from the dead again. References Molloy, M.. (2010). Experiencing the world’s religions: Traditions, challenge, and change. Retrieved from Molloy, M., REL/133 website.

Explain what you believe is Orwells opinion of communism. essays

Explain what you believe is Orwells opinion of communism. essays The novel Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is a satire of the Russian revolution and is written as a fable. Orwell uses real characters and events of the revolution to base the story and its characters on. The novel portrays Orwells opinion of communism through the actions and events that take place on a farm and their consequences. He also illustrates how easily capitalism can fall apart. He shows that neither capitalism nor communism can ever work for everyone and some people will always suffer. Orwell illustrates how, because communism can never work, Stalin came to power. He shows that people will always be naturally greedy and take advantage of positions of power. Animal farm is written with symbols to represent to various groups and individuals who played a part in the Russian revolution. This makes it easy to understand for all ages, though is still sophisticated enough to keep all ages interested. The first chapters of Animal Farm are intended to show Orwells opinion on capitalism. It is hinted that Manor Farm was once very well run and all animals had been treated decently by Mr Jones. In recent years the farm has fallen upon harder times and many of the crops are failing. The first to suffer the consequences are the animals. This is a direct representation of the great depression of the 1930s. Orwell makes his feelings on the Czar, represented in the book by man, very clear through Old Majors speech; Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving and the rest he keeps for himself. In Animal Farm Jones has taken up quite heavy drinking and no longer seems to really care for the farm. This shows Orwel...

Free Essays on Methamphetimine

The United States is quickly being caught in the grip of a powerful and deadly new drug epidemic. The drug is methamphetimine, otherwise known as â€Å"meth†. Once called, â€Å"the poor man’s cocaine,† meth use has now spread beyond bikers, caucasians, and blue-collar workers to include minorities, white-collar workers and specifically women. The popularity is attributed to meth’s ease of manufacturing, inexpense and ferocious addiction. (Leone 29) Meth’s history can be traced back over one hundred years. Japanese pharmacologists first manufactured the drug in 1919 for medicinal purposes. The drug quickly spread west where it was readily available in Hawaii and the West coast of the United States. Meth use is now very concentrated on the West Coast where it ranks second to alcohol in usage in California. (Leone 29) The first uses of methamphetamine were medicinal and it was used to treat a variety of illnesses. By 1930 a drug derived from basic phenylethylamine was prescribed as an inhalant in order to treat asthma and rhinitis. In the 1930’s meth was prescribed as a treatment for depression and other diseases. Soldiers in World War II were given meth in order to increase their wakefulness and attention span. In the 1950’s 2 athletes, truck drivers, and housewives used meth tablets, known as â€Å"pep pills†. The euphoria that the drug created was quickly noticed and led to abuse. A report that claimed methamphetamine enhanced both intellectual performance and allowed long periods of wakefulness helped to contribute to its excessive use. Methamphetamine is a derivative of phenylethylamine. It begins as L-ephedrine and is reduced to methamphetamine using red phosporus and hydriodic acid. This method creates a lipid-based form and is pure, volatile, and can evaporate. It can be converted to a water-soluble form by adding hydrochloride salt. Alternatives to making meth can be to use ... Free Essays on Methamphetimine Free Essays on Methamphetimine The United States is quickly being caught in the grip of a powerful and deadly new drug epidemic. The drug is methamphetimine, otherwise known as â€Å"meth†. Once called, â€Å"the poor man’s cocaine,† meth use has now spread beyond bikers, caucasians, and blue-collar workers to include minorities, white-collar workers and specifically women. The popularity is attributed to meth’s ease of manufacturing, inexpense and ferocious addiction. (Leone 29) Meth’s history can be traced back over one hundred years. Japanese pharmacologists first manufactured the drug in 1919 for medicinal purposes. The drug quickly spread west where it was readily available in Hawaii and the West coast of the United States. Meth use is now very concentrated on the West Coast where it ranks second to alcohol in usage in California. (Leone 29) The first uses of methamphetamine were medicinal and it was used to treat a variety of illnesses. By 1930 a drug derived from basic phenylethylamine was prescribed as an inhalant in order to treat asthma and rhinitis. In the 1930’s meth was prescribed as a treatment for depression and other diseases. Soldiers in World War II were given meth in order to increase their wakefulness and attention span. In the 1950’s 2 athletes, truck drivers, and housewives used meth tablets, known as â€Å"pep pills†. The euphoria that the drug created was quickly noticed and led to abuse. A report that claimed methamphetamine enhanced both intellectual performance and allowed long periods of wakefulness helped to contribute to its excessive use. Methamphetamine is a derivative of phenylethylamine. It begins as L-ephedrine and is reduced to methamphetamine using red phosporus and hydriodic acid. This method creates a lipid-based form and is pure, volatile, and can evaporate. It can be converted to a water-soluble form by adding hydrochloride salt. Alternatives to making meth can be to use ...

Truancy in the Schools of the United Kingdom Essay

Truancy in the Schools of the United Kingdom - Essay Example The third chapter describes the various measures and strategies adopted by the Labour Government for combating truancy. In this regard, several initiatives taken by the authorities like penalizing parents of truants, establishment of truancy patrols, enhancing fines against parents and offering several incentives for attending school were described. The fourth chapter examines the results of such endeavours. Gradually, parents were convinced that attendance and higher levels of attainment were correlated (Education war on truancy, 2007) and this led to a decline in absenteeism. In this context, the decline of truancy in Cedar Mount High, Plant Hill Arts College and Manchester Academy were cited (The sad truth about truancy, 2007). Truancy has been described as the absence of students from school without a valid reason (Stoll. P, 1990). The duration of non - attendance varies from a single class to many weeks (Atkinson M, Halsey K, Wilkin A & Kinder K, 2000). Several reasons exist for such truant behaviour and bravado, depression, retention by the parents in order to supervise younger children at home, etc, are some of the usual reasons. Parentally approved absence from school p... P, 1990). The duration of non - attendance varies from a single class to many weeks (Atkinson M, Halsey K, Wilkin A & Kinder K, 2000). Several reasons exist for such truant behaviour and bravado, depression, retention by the parents in order to supervise younger children at home, etc, are some of the usual reasons. Parentally approved absence from school poses a major quandary and endures despite the instructions of the 1996 Education Act that such absence could be sanctioned only by the school authorities. Moreover, several of the some of the seemingly credible reasons given by parents to account for the absence of their children from school are dubious (OFSTED, 2001). It has been observed that forty thousand students abstain from school each day without proper authorization (Audit Commission, 1999). Since 1997, the Labour Government has been repeatedly emphasizing the importance of education, because the nations' future is largely dependent on the effectiveness of education.These initiatives have borne fruit and superlative results have been obtained by the schools in terms of student results and increased proficiency of the teaching staff (At a glance, n.d.). Investment on its own is incapable of ensuring an education of a high standard. The requirement is to combine reform with investment. Some of the reforms that have been implemented, in order to achieve this objective, are specialist schools, literacy and numeracy strategies, superior vocational education and the right to adult skills training (At a glance, n.d.). Despite these successes, the fact remains that quite some children have been deprived of a proper education due to the existence of incompetent schools.Although, inner city area

What policies, if any, should Europe implement to address Spains Essay

What policies, if any, should Europe implement to address Spains economic problems of declining prices and high unemployment - Essay Example ies include provision of financial assistance to Spain and its banks, substantial economic reforms, improve liquidity in the Euro zone banking system and initiate reforms on economic governance (Lee, 1). As a point of departure, the economic crisis in Spain going down to the rates of inflation and unemployment need immediate response to help the situation. The euro zone should release financial assistance from the it’s lending facility called the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) to Spain and its banks to rescue the nation’s financial base from further sliding prices. This facility provides loans in a direct manner to the euro zone governments (Patrick, Cohn-Bendit, and Griffiths, 38). The money is meant for recapitalization and purchase of government bonds primarily on the secondary markets. With the purchase of government bonds through the commercial banks of Spain, the situation is expected to slowly come to normal due to the ability of the government to pay for its spending, particularly the capital expenditure intended for national development. Equally, the European Union should seek that the Spanish government reaches and adheres to the set fiscal asceticism and structural reforms benchmarks. It is realizable that, the European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the IMF help most of the euro zone nations to create and monitor implementation of sound reform programs. This process reassures a stable market for the euro zone goods and services and attracts rescue funds from the EFSF (Patrick, Cohn-Bendit, and Griffiths, 45). In addition, the reformed structures help in faster comeback from an economic downturn. For this case Spain stands a better chance of receiving these funds, because of its early adoption of the reforms assures a stable market free of volatility. The other rescue response involves the unprecedented steps intended to improve the liquidity status of the Euro zone banking structure. For instance from May 2010, the ECB